Disorders of the eye and adnexa

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Disorders of the eye and adnexa

Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit

Hordeolum - a bacterial infection of sebaceous glands of eyelashes	Chalazion - a cyst in the eyelid (usually upper eyelid)
Blepharitis - inflammation of eyelids and eyelashes; characterized by white flaky skin near the eyelashes	Entropion - a medical condition in which the eyelids fold inward
Trichiasis - a medical term for ingrown eyelashes	Ectropion - a medical condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards
Ptosis (occasionally called blepharoptosis) - the paralysis of the muscles of the eyelid	Demodex mite - a tiny parasitic mite
Exophthalmos - a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit

Disorders of conjunctiva

Conjunctivitis - inflammation of the conjunctiva

Symptoms of conjunctivitis

Signs

Differential diagnosis

Treatment and management

Epidemiology

Pterygium - benign growth of the conjunctiva

Subconjunctival hemorrhage - burst blood vessels on conjunctiva

Acanthamoeba as a human pathogen

Disorders of sclera, cornea, iris and ciliary body

Scleritis - a painful inflammation of the sclera	Keratitis - inflammation of the cornea
Snow blindness - a painful condition caused by exposure of unprotected eyes to bright light	Arc eye also known as arc flash, welder's flash, corneal flash burns
Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy - may complain of blurred vision, watery eyes	Fuchs' dystrophy — cloudy morning vision
Keratoconus - the cornea thins and changes shape to be more like a cone than a parabola Symptoms Signs and diagnosis Epidemiology Prognosis Pathophysiology and cause Treatment, contact lenses Corneal transplant Corneal ring segment inserts Radial keratotomy Riboflavin Related disorders	Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), also called keratitis sicca, xerophthalmia, dry eye syndrome (DES)
	Iritis - inflammation of the iris
	Uveitis - inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye

Disorders of lens

Cataract - the lens becomes opaque

Types of cataracts

Disorders of choroid and retina

Retinoschisis - the retina separates into several layers and may detach	Retinopathy - general term referring to non-inflammatory damage to the retina
Retinal detachment - the retina detaches from the choroid, leading to blurred and distorted vision Prevalence Symptoms Treatment Prevention	Diabetic retinopathy - damage to the retina caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness Pathogenesis Diagnosis Laser surgery Signs and symptoms
Age-related macular degeneration — the photosensitive cells in the macula malfunction and over time cease to work Symptoms Risk factors Prevention Juvenile macular degeneration	Retinopathy of prematurity — scarring and retinal detachment in premature babies International classification ROP Symptoms and prognosis History
Hypertensive retinopathy - burst blood vessels, due to long-term high blood pressure	Retinitis pigmentosa - genetic disorder; tunnel vision preceded by night-blindness
	Macular edema - distorted central vision, due to a swollen macula

Glaukoma

Glaucoma - optic neuropathy

Types of glaucoma

Symptoms of glaucoma

Risk factors and diagnosis

Treatment

Drugs

Disorders of vitreous body and globe

Floaters � shadow-like shapes which appear singly or together with several others in the field of vision

Description

Causes

Treatment

Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy � genetic disorder; loss of central vision

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction

Strabismus (Crossed eye/Wandering eye/Walleye) - the eyes do not point in the same direction Types Treatment and management	Ophthalmoparesis - the partial or total paralysis of the eye muscles
	Esotropia - the tendency for eyes to become cross-eyed
	Exotropia - the tendency for eyes to look outward
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - weakness of the external eye muscles	Refractive error - disorders of refraction
	Accommodation (eye)
Myopia - (Nearsightedness) - distant objects appear blurred Classification of myopia Prevalence Pathogenesis, Theories Pathogenesis, Relevant research Treatment, management, and prevention	Hyperopia - (Farsightedness) - the inability to focus on near objects (and in extreme cases, any objects) Classification of hyperopia Prevalence Treatment
Astigmatism - the cornea or the lens of the eye is not perfectly spherical, resulting in different focal points in different planes Types of astigmatism Prevalence of astigmatism Diagnosis	Anisometropia - the lenses of the two eyes have different focal lengths
	Presbyopia - a condition that occurs with growing age and results in the inability to focus on close objects Treatment

Visual disturbances and blindness

Blindness - the brain does not receive optical information, through various causes Legal blindness Causes of blindness Adaptive techniques Tools for blind people Social attitudes towards blindness	Color blindness - the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish Classification of color deficiencies Red-green color blindness Dichromacy and anomalous trichromacy Diagnosis Design implications of color blindness Misconceptions and compensations
Amblyopia (lazy eye) - poor or blurry vision due to either no transmission or poor transmission of the visual image to the brain Types,(Amblyopia) Treatment and prognosis
Achromatopsia / Maskun - a low cone count or lack of function in cone cells	Scotoma (blind spot) - an area impairment of vision surrounded by a field of relatively well-preserved vision
Leber's congenital amaurosis - genetic disorder; appears at birth, characterised by sluggish or no pupillary responses	Nyctalopia (Nightblindness) - a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in the dark

Other disorders of eye and adnexa

Red eye - conjunctiva appears red typically due to illness or injury

Investigation

Important warning symptoms

Argyll Robertson pupil — small, unequal, irregularly shaped pupils

Other

Xerophthalmia - dry eyes, caused by vitamin A deficiency

Aniridia - a rare congenital eye condition leading to underdevelopment or even absence of the iris of the eye

What the world says about eye and disorders
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About LASIK, Eye Surgery, Complications, Disorders

Disorders of the eye and adnexa

Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit

Disorders of conjunctiva

Disorders of sclera, cornea, iris and ciliary body

Disorders of lens

Disorders of choroid and retina

Glaukoma

Disorders of vitreous body and globe

Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction

Visual disturbances and blindness

Other disorders of eye and adnexa

Other

About
LASIK, Eye Surgery, Complications, Disorders